Endnotes

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1. National Park Service, Park Structures and Facilities, Wash. D.C.: National Park Service, 1935, 1.

2. The National Park Conference held in Berkeley, California in 1915 coincided with the Panama-Pacific International Exposition. The two previous conferences were held in 1911 and 1912.

3. National Park Service, Proceedings of the National Park Conference, Wash. D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1915, 3.

4. The position of General Superintendent of Parks was created in 1910 for the purposes of overseeing development in existing national parks.

5. National Park Service, Proceedings of the National Park Conference, 14-21.

6. William C. Tweed, with Laura E. Soulliere and Henry G. Law, National Park Service Rustic Architecture: 1916-1942. San Francisco: Division of Cultural Resource Management, National Park Service, 1977, 23.

7. Jenks Cameron, The National Park Service, Its History, Activities and Organization, Institute for Government Research, Monograph No. 11, New York: D. Appleton and Co., 1922, 55-56.

8. National Park Service, Park Structures and Facilities, 4.

9. Tweed, 3.

10. Phoebe Cutler, The Public Landscape of the New Deal. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1985, 91-2.

11. Albert H. Good, Park and Recreation Structures. Part I-Administration and Basic Service Facilities. Wash. D.C.: Department of the Interior, National Park Service, 1938, 6-7.

12. Cutler, 93.

13. Cutler, 86; Linda W. Greene, Historic Resource Study, Crater Lake National Park, Oregon. Denver, CO: Denver Service Center, National Park Service, 1984, 221.

14. Francis Lange, typescript of oral interview with Stephen R. Mark, 12-14 September 1988, Vacaville, CA.

15. These improvements were built according to the park's long-term or general development plan that was approved in 1926 by Vint, the Superintendent of the park, NPS director Aibright, and the Bureau of Public Roads (the road-building faction of the NPS). The NPS's Washington office gave it final approval the following year.

Harlan D. Unrau, Administrative History, Volumes I and II, Crater Lake National Park, Oregon. Denver, CO: Denver Service Center, National Park Service, 1988, 469.

16. A wood shake house, designed in the imitation of a wigwam and containing a large central circular fireplace, was first proposed for the site; a simple, wood frame shingled building with an end-chimney and a gable roof sloping down to form a porch was ultimately designed and built.

National Park Service, "Report of Director of National Park Service," Wash. D.C.: National Park Service, 1923, 144.

17. Unrau, 473.

18. Unrau, 470, 475; Superintendent's Annual Report, 1928, Crater Lake National Park Archives #1696, Box 15.

EARLY ROADS TO AND WITHIN RIM VILLAGE

Arant's Road (Ca 1902-1914)

In October of 1902, Superintendent Arant employed a surveyor and hired laborers to locate and stake-out a road from "the base of the mountain" to the rim. The route selected generally followed the route of the wagon trail blazed in 1869 by the Sutton party, terminating at the rim east of the lodge. (The original road to the rim followed the north side of a ridge running generally southwesterly from the summit. The new road followed the same ridge but was located on the south side of the ridge). The following spring, construction of the new road began. A bridge was built across Anna Creek, grades were improved and surfaces leveled. By the end of August 1903, 2 miles of the road were completed leading north from the new park headquarters at the head of Anna Creek, and by the end of the work season in October, the road was completed to within 1 mile of the lake. Progress was made in the following year and in 1905, the new road from headquarters to the rim was open to the public. The road was described as a "comfortable one," as straight as it was "practicable to make it." The steepest grade was a reported 10 percent, far less than the 33 percent along most of the existing road, which was, by this time, virtually abandoned. The following year the road to the rim was reported in good condition, requiring only "smoothing out" and widening in places. In spite of this positive report, maintaining the road was a significant issue. Spring rains and runoff routinely caused washouts and deep ruts in the tread, requiring constant rebuilding and repair. Dust from the pumice tread was such a nuisance that at one point, Arant suggested the use of sprinklers to keep dust and ash at a minimum. By 1910, a new road to the rim was under consideration as part of a comprehensive system of park roads and trails.

Army Corps of Engineers Road (1914-1926)

The new road from headquarters to the rim was surveyed and located by the Corps of Engineers in 1910-1911. Located west of the existing road it was completed in 1914. The road was 5 miles long with steep grades (reported at 11 percent), hazardous turns and a dirt and pumice surface that made travel a dirty and somewhat risky business. In 1919, road engineering for Crater Lake was transferred to the National Park Service (NPS), and in 1926, NPS engineers, revised the road system for the park in coordination with the Bureau of Public Roads, regrading, resurfacing, and in some cases, realigning the roads designed by the army engineers.

19. National Park Service, "Park Development Program, Crater Lake National Park," January 1928, Records of the National Park Service, Crater Lake National Park, RG 79, #67A614, Box 1, Federal Archives and Records Center, Seattle, WA.

20. Merel S. Sager, "Report on Naturalization in the Rim Area, Crater Lake National Park," November 18, 1932, National Park Service Records, RG 79, Landscape Architects' Reports to the Chief Architect through Superintendent, Box 1, File "Crater Lake 1929-34," National Archives and Records Center, San Bruno, CA.

21. Unrau, 477.

22. Ansel F. Hall to the Director of the NPS, 5 December 1929, RG 79, 67A618, Box 4499, File 620-77, Sinnott Memorial, Federal Archives and Records Center, Seattle, WA.

23. Thomas C. Vint to the Director of the NPS, 6 February 1930, RG 79, 67A618, Box 4499, File 620-77, Sinnott Memorial, Federal Archives and Records Center, Seattle, WA; Merel S. Sager to Dr. J.C. Merriam,, 25 July 1930, RG 79, 67A618, Box 4499, File 620-77, Sinnott Memorial, Federal Archives and Records Center, Seattle, WA.

24. Merel S. Sager to the Chief Architect, July 4-August 1, 1930, National Park Service Records, RG 79, Landscape Architects' Reports to the Chief Architect through the Superintendent, Box 1, "Crater Lake National Park 1929-34," National Archives and Records Center, San Bruno, CA.

25. Unrau, 463, 465.

26. Merel S. Sager to the Chief Architect, 4 July-1 August 1930, National Park Service Records, RG 79, Landscape Architects' Reports to the Chief Architect through the Superintendent, Box 1, "Crater Lake National Park 1929-34," National Archives and Records Center, San Bruno, Ca.

The guardrail along the road consisted of 24-inch posts set 8 feet on center, with a single 14-inch diameter log railing. The smaller guard rail was comprised of 14-inch posts and 8-inch rails and was constructed around the inside loop of the lodge parking lot, the outer south end of the loop, behind the west parking strip, and at the entrance to the campground. The timbers for all guardrails were selected from the forests within the park, and a large share of the costs associated with the fabrication of these structures was in the labor costs of felling trees, peeling the logs, and hauling them to the job. By the end of January 1929, all of the posts had been set and approximately 90 percent of them had been framed (ready for the railing). About 75 percent of the railing had been framed and was ready to be bolted to the posts. In September of that year, all but 200 feet of the log guardrail was complete. The following year, the job was completed and in October all log guardrails were stained with "Cabot's brown stain," in order to enhance the "visual appearance" of the structure.

27. Log guardrails remained in place around the lodge's lower parking area until 1963.

28. "Report to the Chief Architect through Superintendent of Crater Lake National Park," 4 July-1 August 1930.

29. Merel S. Sager to the Chief Architect, 23-27 June and 1-11 July 1931, National Park Service Records, RG 79, Landscape Architects' Reports to the Chief Architect through the Superintendent, Box 1, "Crater Lake National Park 1929-34," National Archives and Records Center, San Bruno, Ca.

30. E.A. Davidson, "Report on Rim Village Construction Activity," 21-25 July 1929, National Park Service Records, RG 79, Landscape Architects' Reports to the Chief Architect through the Superintendent, Box 1, "Crater Lake National Park 1929-34," National Archives and Records Center, San Bruno, Ca.

31. Merel S. Sager to the Chief Architect, 21-25 July 1929, National Park Service Records, RG 79, Landscape Architects' Reports to the Chief Architect through the Superintendent, Box 1, "Crater Lake National Park 1929-34," National Archives and Records Center, San Bruno, Ca.

32. Sager, 3.

33. Sager, 4.

34. Sager, 4.

35. Sager, 7.

36. "Report to the Chief Architect through Superintendent of Crater Lake National Park," 21-25 July 1929; Unrau, 477.

37. E.C. Solinsky to General Electric Supply Corporation, 29 September 1931, National Park Service Records, RG 79, 67A618, Box 4499, File 661, Electrical Systems, Federal Archives and Records Center, Seattle, WA.

38. Tweed, 75.

39. Cutler, 87.

40. Tweed, 75-6, 88; Greene, 221.

41. Tweed, 76-7.

42. Greene, 235.

43. Cutler, 84.

44. Unrau, 483.

45. Francis Lange to the Chief Architect, 22 October 1934, National Park Service Records, RG 79, Landscape Architects' Reports to the Chief Architect through the Superintendent, Box 1, "Crater Lake National Park 1929-34," National Archives and Records Center, San Bruno, CA.

46. A.M. Doerner to the Chief Architect, 25 August 1934, National Park Service Records, RG 79, Landscape Architects' Reports to the Chief Architect through the Superintendent, Box 1, "Crater Lake National Park 1929-34," National Archives and Records Center, San Bruno, CA.

47. Unrau, 496.

48. Greene, 222, 233; Unrau, 496-7.

49. Merel Sager to the Chief Architect, 13 October 1933, National Park Service Records, RG 79, Landscape Architects' Reports to the Chief Architect through the Superintendent, Box 1, "Crater Lake National Park 1929-34," National Archives and Records Center, San Bruno, Ca.

50. Francis Lange to the Chief Architect, August 1934 and 22 October 1934 (Part I), National Park Service Records, RG 79, Landscape Architects' Reports to the Chief Architect through the Superintendent, Box 1, "Crater Lake National Park 1929-34," National Archives and Records Center, San Bruno, Ca.

51. Francis Lange to the Chief Architect, September 1934, National Park Service Records, RG 79, Landscape Architects' Reports to the Chief Architect through the Superintendent, Box 1, "Crater Lake National Park 1929-34," National Archives and Records Center, San Bruno, Ca.

52. Francis Lange to the Chief Architect, August-September 1938, National Park Service Records, RG 79, Landscape Architects' Reports to the Chief Architect through the Superintendent, Box 2, "Crater Lake National Park 1935-38," National Archives and Records Center, San Bruno, CA.

53. Francis Lange to the Chief Architect, 1 July 1934, National Park Service Records, RG 79, Landscape Architects' Reports to the Chief Architect through the Superintendent, Box 1, "Crater Lake National Park 1929-34," National Archives and Records Center, San Bruno, Ca.

54. Dr. H.C. Bryant's Report on Crater Lake National Park, Summer 1935, 37, RG 79, 67A612, Box 4418, File 204, Inspections and Investigations (General), Federal Archives and Records Center, Seattle, Wa.

55. Francis Lange to the Chief Architect, 1 September 1936, National Park Service Records, RG 79, Landscape Architects' Reports to the Chief Architect through the Superintendent, Box 2, "Crater Lake National Park 1935-38," National Archives and Records Center, San Bruno, CA.

56. "Crater Lake National Park, Six Year Program, 1939-1944," RG 79, 67A614, Box 1, Folder "600-02 Six Year Program," Federal Archives and Records Center, Seattle, Wa.

57. "Superintendent's Monthly Report," 8 September 1933, Crater Lake National Park Archives, #1699, Box #15, 2.

58. "Report to Chief Architect," 1 July 1934.

59. "Superintendent's Monthly Report," 8 September 1933, Crater Lake National Park Archives, #1699, Box #15, 7.

60. "Report to Chief Forester on E.C.W. Conditions, Crater Lake National Park," by Shirley W. Allen, 15 August 1934, National Park Service Records, RG 79, Landscape Architects' Reports to the Chief Architect through the Superintendent, Box 1, "Crater Lake 1929-34," National Archives and Records Center, San Bruno, CA; "Report to Regional Landscape Architect on E.C.W. Work at Crater Lake National Park," by Francis Lange, 1 August 1936, National Park Service Records, RG 79, Landscape Architects' Reports to the Chief Architect, Box 2, "Crater Lake 1935-38," National Archives and Records Center, San Bruno, CA.

The "less elaborate" design was either the "Western Picnic" or variations of it, as found in A.O. Taylor's Camp Stoves and Fireplaces. USFS, 1937.

61. Francis Lange to the Chief Architect, 22 October 1934 (Part I), National Park Service Records, RG 79, Landscape Architects' Reports to the Chief Architect through the Superintendent, Box 1, "Crater Lake National Park 1929-34," National Archives and Records Center, San Bruno, Ca.

62. Francis Lange to the Chief Architect, 1 October 1935, National Park Service Records, RG 79, Landscape Architects' Reports to the Chief Architect through the Superintendent, Box 1, "Crater Lake National Park 1929-34," National Archives and Records Center, San Bruno, CA.

63. Francis Lange to the Chief Architect, 1 November 1935, National Park Service Records, RG 79, Landscape Architects' Reports to the Chief Architect through the Superintendent, Box 2, "Crater Lake National Park 1935-38," National Archives and Records Center, San Bruno, Ca.

64. One proposal for the Rim Campground that never came to fruition was suggested by the park Superintendent and Naturalist. In 1934, these individuals suggested that an open-air campfire be incorporated into the design of the campground development work. They believed that tourists should have the opportunity to, in their words, "witness" an outdoor program. The site they recommended had sloping ground, was surrounded by trees, and was well-protected from prevailing winds; in effect, it was a natural amphitheater. Although a drawing was going to be prepared by Francis Lange for submittal to the Western Field Office in San Francisco, the park staff's open-air campfire was never realized. [Lange Report to the Chief Architect, August 1934]

65. Report to the Chief Architect, 24 April-24 May 1937.

66. Francis Lange to the Chief Architect, 24 May-24 June 1937, National Park Service Records, RG 79, Landscape Architects' Reports to the Chief Architect through the Superintendent, Box 1, "Crater Lake National Park 1929-34," National Archives and Records Center, San Bruno, Ca.

67. Francis Lange to the Chief Architect, Final Report for 1937, National Park Service Records, RG 79, Landscape Architects' Reports to the Chief Architect through the Superintendent, Box 2, "Crater Lake National Park 1935-38," National Archives and Records Center, San Bruno, Ca.

68. Francis Lange to the Chief Architect, 1 October 1935 and 25 June-25 July 1938, National Park Service Records, RG 79, Landscape Architects' Reports to the Chief Architect through the Superintendent, Box 2, "Crater Lake National Park 1935-38," National Archives and Records Center, San Bruno, Ca.

69. "Report to Regional Landscape Architect on E.C.W. Work at Crater Lake National Park," by Francis Lange, 24 September 1936, National Park Service Records, RG 79, Landscape Architects' Reports to the Chief Architect, Box 2, "Crater Lake 1935-38," National Archives and Records Center, San Bruno, CA.

70. Francis Lange to the Regional Landscape Architect, Final Report for E.C.W. Work, 1 November 1936, National Park Service Records, RG 79, Landscape Architects' Reports to the Chief Architect through the Superintendent, Box 2, "Crater Lake National Park 1935-38," National Archives and Records Center, San Bruno, Ca.

71. Francis Lange to the Chief Architect, Final Narrative Report on the CCC, November/December 1937, National Park Service Records, RG 79, Landscape Architects' Reports to the Chief Architect through the Superintendent, Box 2, "Crater Lake National Park 1935-38," National Archives and Records Center, San Bruno, CA.

72. Lange to Regional Landscape Architect, 1 November 1936.

73. Unrau, 497-8.